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By William Wordsworth (1770-1850) A Study Guide | |||||||||
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Compiled by Michael J. Cummings...© 2007 Poem’s Setting: The Lake District William
Wordsworth sets the poem in the morning at Esthwaite Lake in the Lake District
of northwestern England. The scenic region–a short drive inland from the
Irish Sea–is in Cumbria County, between Morecambe Bay on the south and
Solway Firth on the north. The Lake Matthew: Friend of
the poet. He asks William why he is sitting near the lake daydreaming when
he should be reading books to enlighten himself.
Type of Work and Publication Date “Expostulation and Reply" is a lyric poem that expresses a principle of the Romantic Movement (or romanticism)–namely, that nature and human intuition impart a kind of knowledge and wisdom not found in books and formal education. (A lyric poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather than telling a story or presenting a witty observation.) Wordsworth wrote the poem in 1798 while he was living with his sister, Dorothy, at Alfoxden House, near Bristol, England. In literature, romanticism was a movement that championed imagination and emotions as more powerful than reason and systematic thinking. “What I feel about a person or thing," a romantic poet might have said, “is more important than what scientific investigation, observation, and experience would say about that person or thing." Intuition–that voice within that makes judgments and decisions without the aid of reason–was a guiding force to the romantic poet. So was nature. Romanticism began in the mid-1700's as a rebellion against the principles of classicism. Whereas classicism espoused the literary ideals of ancient Greece and Rome–objectivity, emotional restraint, and formal rules of composition that writers were expected to follow–romanticism promoted subjectivity, emotional effusiveness, and freedom of expression . “I want to write my way," the romantic poet might have said, “not the way that writers in ancient times decreed that I should write." In English literature, Wordsworth and his friend, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, were pioneers in the development of the Romantic Movement. “Expostulation and Reply" tells of a brief encounter between the poet and his friend Matthew. Why, Matthew asks in his expostulation (an attempt to reason with a person in order to turn him away from a course of action), does Wordsworth spend so much time at the lake, musing, when he could be reading books to educate himself? Wordsworth, one of the leaders of the Romantic Movement in literature, replies with an answer that reflects his philosophy: Nature nurtures the mind with a wisdom of its own. A man has only to sit passively in its presence, and it will stimulate his senses in profound ways. The idea that nature is a teacher is the theme of the poem and one of the tenets of the Romantic Movement in literature. (See also the summaries beneath the text of the poem, below.) The last syllables in the first and third lines of each stanza rhyme, as do last syllables of the second and fourth lines of each stanza. The meter of the first three lines of each stanza is iambic tetrameter, with eight syllables (four iambic feet) per line except when an extra syllable occurs at the end of a line. (An iambic foot consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.) The extra syllable at the end of a line constitutes a foot, turning an iambic-tetrameter line into an iambic-pentameter with catalexis. The meter of the fourth line of Stanzas 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 is is iambic trimeter, with six syllables (three iambic feet) in the line. The meter of the fourth line of Stanzas 3 and 7 is iambic tetrameter with catalexis occurring in the fourth foot. The following graphic presentation illustrates the rhyme scheme and meter of Stanzas 1 and 3:
Why WILL| iam ON | that OLD | gray STONE .......1...... ... ..2......... ....3.............4 Thus FOR| the LENGTH | of HALF | a DAY .....Lines 1-3: Four feet (iambic tetrameter) .......1...... ..2....... ....3...............4 Why WILL| iam SIT | you THUS | a LONE ..........1...... ..2....... ....3 And DREAM| your TIME | a WAY .....Line 4: Three feet (iambic trimeter)
You LOOK|round ON|your MOTH|er EARTH, .....Line 1: Four feet (iambic tetrameter) ....1...... ..2....... ....3...............4.............5 As IF|she FOR|no PUR|pose BORE|you; .....Line 2: Five feet (iambic pentameter) with catalexis (1 syllable in fifth foot) ....1...... ..2......... ....3..................4 As IF|you WERE|her FIRST-|born BIRTH, .....Line 3: Four feet (iambic tetrameter) .......1...... .. ..2........ ....3.........4 And NONE|had LIVED|beFOR|you!" .....Line 4: Four feet (iambic tetrameter) with catalexis (1 syllable in fifth foot)
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