Cummings Study Guide

.......The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling is a novel that centers on a likable hero who romps through a series of adventures while growing up and pursuing the girl he idolizes. The novel falls into the general category of comedy because of its humor and its happy ending. It contains elements of the following genres:

Bildungsroman: Novel about the coming of age, or maturation, of the main character. In Tom Jones, the title character undergoes character development while growing up in the country, experiencing adventures while traveling, and searching in London for the young lady he loves. 
Epic Journey: Long narrative about the main character's struggles and adventures while traveling from one place to another. Tom Jones is a long narrative about the struggles and adventures of a traveling protagonist. 
Mock Epic: Literary work that uses the elevated style of a classical epic (such as Homer's Odyssey or Virgil's Aeneid) to describe a trivial or insignificant event. The result is a comic or satirical passage. For more information, see Tom Jones as a mock epic.
Romance: (1) Narrative about the adventures of a chivalric hero who often is in love with a noble lady; (2) narrative that emphasizes love. Tom Jones battles villains, rescues a damsel in distress, and is in love with a noble lady.
Picaresque novel: Novel about the episodic adventures of a vagabond hero. Tom Jones experiences many episodic adventures while traveling from one place to another. 

.......The first edition of The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling was published in London on February 28, 1749, by Andrew Millar. A second edition, containing numerous revisions, appeared later that year. A third edition was published in 1750.

Structure and Setting

.......Henry Fielding presented the novel in three main sections with action taking place in the first half of the eighteenth century. The first section centers on life in the country at the estates of Squire Allworthy and Squire Western in Somersetshire (Somerset County) in southwestern England. In this section, the protagonist, Tom Jones, grows from infant foundling into a teenager who falls in love with the beautiful daughter of Squire Western. 
.......The second part of the novel takes place along roads, at inns, and in other locales between Somersetshire and London in the middle and late 1740s, when the Jacobite rebellion was under way and English soldiers were bracing for battles with their enemies (Jacobites), who were seeking to restore the House of Stuart to the English throne. In this section, the protagonist experiences many episodic adventures involving a diverse cast of characters that include a woman in distress, soldiers on the march, gypsies, untrustworthy lawyers, puppeteers, women admirers of the title character, and an impoverished robber. 
.......The action in the third part takes place mainly in London, where the title character searches for his beloved, fights a duel, has encounters with a possessive seductress, goes to jail, gains his freedom, and reunites with his beloved. This section ends when the principal characters return to Somersetshire.

Tone

.......The tone is playful and light-hearted.

Point of View

.......When telling the story, the narrator generally uses third-person omniscient point of view, enabling him to reveal the thoughts of the characters. When commenting on the story, the narrator uses first-person point of view, sometimes in the singular and sometimes in the plural, as in the following paragraph:

It hath been observed, by wise men or women, I forget which, that all persons are doomed to be in love once in their lives. No particular season is, as I remember, assigned for this; but the age at which Miss Bridget was arrived, seems to me as proper a period as any to be fixed on for this purpose: it often, indeed, happens much earlier; but when it doth not, I have observed it seldom or never fails about this time. Moreover, we may remark that at this season love is of a more serious and steady nature than what sometimes shows itself in the younger parts of life. The love of girls is uncertain, capricious, and so foolish that we cannot always discover what the young lady would be at; nay, it may almost be doubted whether she always knows this herself.

Not that I would intimate that such strict chastity as was preserved in the temple of Vesta can possibly be maintained at a public inn. My good landlady did not hope for such a blessing, nor would any of the ladies I have spoken of, or indeed any others of the most rigid note, have expected or insisted on any such thing. But to exclude all vulgar concubinage, and to drive all whores in rags from within the walls, is within the power of every one. This my landlady very strictly adhered to, and this her virtuous guests, who did not travel in rags, would very reasonably have expected of her. (Book 9, Chapter 3)

Tom Jones: The main character. The story follows his development from infancy to young manhood. Born out of wedlock, he becomes the adopted child of Squire Allworthy and the rival of the devious Blifil, the son of Allworthy's sister, Bridget, and her husband, Captain Blifil. Tom is honest, courageous, and generous but at times imprudent and downright reckless.
Squire Allworthy: Wealthy landowner who adopts and rears Tom Jones. As his name suggests, he is "all worthy"—that is, kindly, generous, and morally upright. However, he sometimes makes unwise decisions. 
Bridget Allworthy / Bridget Blifil: Sister of Squire Allworthy. She gives birth to Tom when she is unmarried and hires another woman to pose as his mother. After Bridget marries Captain Blifil, she gives birth to a son who becomes Tom's rival.
Captain Blifil: Husband of Bridget.
Midwife: When attending Bridget at the birth of Blifil, this woman notices that the child was born eight months after Bridget married Captain Blifil. 
Dr. Blifil: Brother of Captain Blifil and friend of the Allworthys.
Blifil: Devious son of Bridget. He tries to manipulate events to assure his inheritance of Allworthy's estate. 
Mrs. Deborah Wilkins: Housekeeper for Squire Allworthy.
Elderly Matron: Friend of Mrs. Wilkins who helps her search for the mother of the squire's adopted child. 
Captain Waters: A soldier.
Jenny Jones / Mrs. Waters: Servant girl who poses as the mother of Tom Jones when he is an infant. Although she is not married, she adopts the name Mrs. Waters after she begins to live with Captain Waters. She has a sexual encounter with Tom at an inn at Upton. She later plays a key role in helping to extricate Tom from difficulties. 
Mother of Jenny Jones
Partridge: Schoolteacher wrongly accused of fathering Tom Jones. After Tom grows up, he and Partridge become traveling companions. Partridge's relationship with Jones resembles that of a page to a knight. It is also not unlike the comic relationship between Sancho Panza and Don Quixote in the Cervantes novel Don Quixote de La Mancha.
Mrs. Partridge: Wife of Partridge. She dies not long after he loses his school.
George Seagrim (Black George): Gamekeeper of Allworthy and friend of Tom when he is growing up. When Tom loses Ł500, Black George finds the money but does not return it. Near the end of the novel, Squire Allworthy learns of his deed.
Mrs. Seagrim: Wife of George Seagrim.
Molly Seagrim: Daughter of George Seagrim. She seduces Tom.
Betty Seagrim: Molly's sister. She informs Tom that it was not he who got Molly pregnant.
Will Barnes: Father of Molly Seagrim's child.
Squire Western: Wealthy landowner and neighbor of Allworthy. He is a blustery man who loves the sporting life.
Sophia Western: Beautiful daughter of Squire Western. She and Tom fall in love, but circumstances keep them apart until the end of the novel. 
Mrs. Western: Sister of Squire Western. She prides herself on being knowledgeable about society, culture, and love but lacks the compassion exhibited by her niece, Sophia. She opposes Sophia's attachment to the lowly Tom Jones. 
Mrs. Honour: Sophia's maid.
Rev. Roger Thwackum: Tutor of Tom Jones and young Blifil. He exhibits favoritism toward Blifil and looks down on Tom. On one occasion, he severely beats Tom.
Thomas Square: Tutor of Tom Jones and young Blifil. He likewise exhibits favoritism toward Blifil. 
Mr. Supple: Curate of Squire Allworthy's parish.
Mr. Whitefield: Master of the Bell, an inn at Gloucester.
Mrs. Whitefield: Wife of Mr. Whitefield.
Dowling: Salisbury attorney of Bridget Blifil. He carries an important message from Bridget to Squire Allworthy before she dies. In it, she reveals that she is the mother of Tom Jones. However, Young Blifil intercepts the message and keeps secret its contents. 
Allworthy's Footman: Man who announces the arrival of Dowling at Allworthy's house.
Man of the Hill: Elderly man whom Tom rescues from robbers.
Man of the Hill's Servant
Watson: Acquaintance of the Man of the Hill. 
Lieutenant: Sixty-year-old commander of two companies of foot soldiers whom Jones joins in their march to fight Jacobite rebels.
Sergeant: Soldier who informs Jones about the mission of himself and his comrades. 
Ensign Northerton: Soldier who smashes a bottle on Jones's head and later assaults Mrs. Waters. 
French Lieutenant: Officer marching with the foot soldiers.
Ensign Adderly: Another ensign serving with the foot soldiers.
Mrs. Harriet Fitzpatrick: Woman who escapes from an abusive husband and lodges at an inn at Upton at the same time that Tom Jones is staying there. 
Mr. Fitzpatrick: Husband of Harriet. After she escapes from him, he tracks her to the inn at Upton. There, mistakenly believing that she is staying in Tom Jones's room, he attacks Tom. 
Betty: Mrs. Fitzpatrick's maid.
Mr. Machlachlan: Acquaintance of Fitzpatrick. While staying at the inn at Upton, he points out to Fitzpatrick that he has been looking in the wrong room for his wife. 
Irish Nobleman: Unidentified by name, this gentleman helped Harriet Fitzpatrick escape from her husband. He accompanies Harriet and Sophia Western to London.
Master of Inn at Upton: Inn landlord, who attempts to prevent Jones and Mrs. Waters from lodging at his establishment.
Landlady of Inn at Upton: Husband of the master of the inn.
Susan: Maid at the Upton inn.
Quaker: Man who advises Jones on the road to Bristol to break his journey and stay at an inn.
Robin: Tom's guide on the road to Bristol.
Master of a Puppet Show: Man in charge of a traveling puppet show that performs at an ale house where Tom and Partridge stop.
Grave Matron, Attorney's Clerk, Exciseman: Members of the audience at the puppet show.
Landlady at Alehouse: Woman who complains about the content of the puppet show. She believes the puppeteers should stage Bible stories.
Husband of the Landlady at the Alehouse: Man whom the landlady berates for allowing the puppeteers to form at their alehouse.
Grace: Alehouse maid beaten by the landlady for lewd behavior with the Merry Andrew character in the puppet show.
King of the Gypsies: Head of a group of gypsies celebrating a wedding in a barn where Tom and Partridge stop. He believes the gypsy form of government is superior to the English government in meting out punishments.
Gypsy Woman: Attractive lady who pretends to tell Partridge's fortune and ends up in his arms. But her husband discovers them together. 
Husband of Gypsy Woman: Man berated by the king of the gypsies for allowing his wife to mingle with others.
Other Gypsies
Mr. Anderson: Bumbling highwayman who fails in his attempt to rob Tom Jones so that he can feed his family.
Mrs. Anderson: Wife of Anderson.
Lady Bellaston: London relative of Sophia Western with whom Sophia lodges. Lady Bellaston has liaisons with many men and seduces Tom Jones. When she discovers that Tom's true love is Sophia, she becomes jealous and angry and schemes to get revenge against both of them.
Mrs. Etoff: Lady Bellaston's maid.
Mrs. Miller: Genial and upstanding woman who provides lodging for Tom and Partridge after they arrive in London.
Nancy: Teenage daughter of Mrs. Miller.
Betty Miller: Ten-year-old daughter of Mrs. Miller.
Jack Nightingale: Lodger at Mrs. Miller's who befriends Tom Jones. He loves Nancy, who becomes pregnant by him. Later they marry.
Nightingale's Footman: Man who fights with Nightingale after the latter reprimands him. Nightingale fires him. 
Jacobite Squire: Man who arrives at an inn in which Sophia and Mrs. Fitzpatrick are staying to announce that French forces have landed at Suffolk, England, to support the Jacobite cause.
Joe: Servant at an inn.
Nanny: Chambermaid at an inn.
Lady Thomas Hatchet: Acquaintance of Lady Bellaston. 
Lady Betty, Miss Eagle, Colonel Hampstead, Tom Edwards: Dinner guests of Lady Bellaston.
Lady Edgely: Acquaintance of Lady Bellaston. 
Post-boy at Upton Inn: Boy who prepares horses for Sophia.
Arabella Hunt: Wealthy London widow who proposes to Tom.
Captain Egglane: Man hired by Lord Fellamar to carry out a task.
Vicar of Aldergrove: Clergyman whose job Thwackum wants after the clergyman dies.
Mr. Summer: Man who is revealed near the end of the novel to be real father of Tom Jones.
Participants in the Brawl Outside the Church (Book 4, Chapter 8)
.......Jemmy Tweedle
.......Bess
.......Echepole
.......Kate of the Mill
.......Betty Pippin
.......Roger: Betty Pippin's lover.
.......Tom Freckle: Blacksmith's son. 
.......Miss Crow: Daughter of a farmer.
.......Nan Slouch
.......Esther Codling
.......Will Spray
.......Tom Bennet
.......Mr. Potter:
.......Betty Chambermaid
.......Jack Ostler
.......John Giddish: Farmer.
.......Goody Brown
.......Zekiel Brown
.......Miss Harris 
.......Joan Top
Children of Tom and Sophia
Abraham Adams: Tutor of Tom and Sophia's children.
Soldiers, Musketeers, Coachmen, Footmen, Servants

Bridget Marries

.......A frequent visitor to the home of the squire is Dr. Blifil, who introduces Bridget to his bachelor brother, age thirty-five. He had served in the military, first as a lieutenant and then as a captain. After leaving the service, he took up residence in the country and began studying the Bible. Bridget falls in love with him, and he falls in love with the Allworthy wealth. Within a month they marry.
.......Not long after the wedding, the captain grows cold toward his brother, then becomes downright rude to him. Allworthy tries to mend their relationship, and the captain pretends to reconcile with the doctor. However, out of the presence of Allworthy, the captain continues maltreat his brother. One explanation for his behavior is that the captain has always been jealous of his brother's superior learning. Bridget is “so passionately fond" of her husband, the narrator says, that she sides with him in everything he does. Eventually, the doctor moves to London. There, he dies a short while later of what the narrator characterizes as a broken heart. 
.......Meanwhile, Bridget gives birth to a boy. The midwife notices that the child has arrived exactly eight months after Bridget's marriage to the captain. The squire suggests that Bridget's son be reared with with his adopted child, whom he has named Thomas and of whom he has grown very fond. Bridget assents to the idea, but the captain expresses reservations. Quoting Scripture, he hints to Allworthy that children of sin, such as Tom, are children of nobody. He argues in favor of “punishing the crime of the parent on the bastard." Allworthy counters with biblical references of his own and asserts that it would be an outrage to punish the innocent for the sins of the guilty. He says he will treat Tom as if he were a legitimate child. 
.......The reader well knows at this point that what really bothers the captain is that Tom has become a rival of his and Bridget's son for the inheritance of the squire's estate. 
.......As to Tom's origins, there is fresh news. Mrs. Partridge, the wife of the schoolmaster, strongly suspects that her husband fathered the child. In a trial before Squire Allworthy, Partridge denies the charge and asks the squire to send for Jenny Jones to testify on his behalf. Allworthy does so. When the messenger returns from Little Baddington, he reports that Jenny had left her place of residence with a recruiting officer a few days before. Allworthy then pronounces Partridge guilty and cuts off his annuity. 
.......Partridge loses his school after failing to make enough money on his own to support himself and his wife. Mrs. Partridge now regrets her accusation against her husband—not only because of the loss of income but also because she discovers that an acquaintance of Jenny could have been the father of the child. Partridge's neighbors begin to pity the man, and their sympathy becomes all the more pronounced after Mrs. Partridge dies of what the narrator describes as distemper. These neighbors blame Allworthy for causing her death. Eventually, with his wife, school, and reputation gone, Partridge moves away. Captain Blifil also goes away—to his grave—after suffering an attack of apoplexy one evening.

Tom Gets a Whipping

.......Tom grows into a mischievous lad. On separate occasions, he steals fruit, a duck, and a ball from young Blifil, Bridget's son. Neighbors begin to think ill of him. What they do not know is that Tom gives what he steals to the family of Allworthy's gamekeeper, George Seagrim, who is Tom's friend. One day, Tom and George, whom people call Black George, go hunting and scare up a covey of partridges that fly into the property of a neighbor. Tom and George follow them even though Allworthy has forbidden the gamekeeper to enter the property. When Black George shoots a partridge, the gunfire attracts the neighbor to the scene. He finds two guns but only one hunter, Tom, who is holding the partridge. The gamekeeper is hiding. Under questioning from Allworthy, Tom refuses to identify the other hunter. The next morning, the Rev. Roger Thwackum—one of two in-house tutors the squire has hired to educate Tom and Master Blifil—questions Tom further about the partridge incident at the behest of Allworthy. When Tom again refuses to identify the other hunter, Thwackum severely whips the boy. Later, Allworthy feels sorry for Tom and apologizes for the beating he received. To make him feel better, he gives him a little horse as a present.
.......Tom's behavior contrasts sharply with that of young Blifil, who is regarded as “a lad of a remarkable disposition; sober, discreet, and pious beyond his age; qualities which gained him the love of every one who knew him," the narrator says.
.......Tom's other tutor is Thomas Square, a philosopher well read in Plato and Aristotle. Whenever he and Thwackum are together, they argue about morality, human nature, virtue, divine grace, and related topics. At dinner one evening, Square argues that honor is “founded on religion" and Thwackum that it is “antecedent to religion." A quarrel between Tom and Blifil interrupts their argument. It ends when Tom bloodies Blifil's nose for calling him a “beggarly bastard." Blifil, crying, says Tom is lying. He then reveals to the elders a secret that Tom told him: Black George was the other hunter in the partridge incident. When Allworthy prompts Tom for his side of the story, Tom admits that Black George was with him, but the boy accepts blame, saying the gamekeeper begged Tom not to enter the neighbor's property.
.......“I did go first," Tom says, “and he only followed me to prevent more mischief."
.......The squire dismisses the boys, admonishing them to try to get along. 
.......Square and Thwackum praise Blifil and condemn Tom. But there will be no whipping this time, the Squire decides. He then summons the gamekeeper, lectures him sternly, pays him his wages, and fires him. The servants in the squire's employ side with Tom, regarding him as a hero for protecting the gamekeeper.
.......Thwackum and Square's defense of Blifil is in large part a ploy to ingratiate themselves with Mrs. Bridget Blifil, whom they take opportunities to compliment. She accepts their behavior toward her and seems to favor Square over Thwackum. Regarding Tom, she objects to the squire's treatment of him as the equal of her son. However, she later softens toward him as he grows into an engaging young fellow. At the same time she develops an antipathy for her own son. When the squire reads her feelings, he tries to pay more attention to Blifil in order to elevate him in his mother's eyes.
.......Meanwhile, Tom sells his horse to provide money for the beleaguered family of Black George, a gesture that impresses the squire and Mr. Square. Thwackum's attitude toward Tom remains unchanged. When the squire sees for himself, at the urging of Tom, the poverty Black George and his family must endure, he reconciles with the man and decides to find a way to provide for his family. However, young Blifil later tells Allworthy that Black George had killed hares on Squire Western's property while in Allworthy's employ. Allworthy then decides not to help Black George's family. But Blifil had deliberately distorted the details of the story. In particular, Black George had killed a single hare and sold it to provide for his family after he lost his job. 
.......Tom and Blifil continue to be rivals. 

Tom Impresses His Neighbors

.......As time passes, Tom spends time with the Westerns—notably the squire and his pretty daughter, Sophia, who persuades her father, at Tom's request, to hire Black George. The squire thinks Tom a considerable athlete, for he once observed him leap over five barred fences. Sophia, in the meantime, falls in love with the handsome lad. But Tom, now in his late teens, has been seeing Black George's daughter, Molly, sixteen. 
.......Because of her age and Tom's respect for her, he avoids making advances toward her. In fact, so concerned is he about controlling his passions that “he actually abstained three whole months without ever going to Seagrim's house, or seeing his daughter," the narrator says.  However, Molly, being quite forward, throws herself at Tom and he succumbs to her charms.
.......After hunting with Squire Western one day, Tom accepts an invitation to dine in Western's home. One of the guests—Mr. Supple, a curate in the parish of Allworthy—reports news that Molly Seagrim is pregnant. Squire Allworthy made the discovery that very morning when he saw Molly “at the eve of bringing forth" a child, Supple says. When Squire Allworthy questioned her about the father, she refused to identify him, he says. Tom immediately excuses himself and leaves. His abrupt departure leads Western to guess that Tom is the father, although he does not think ill of him for it. To her dismay, Sophia thinks her father is right. 
.......When he arrives home, Tom admits that he “corrupted" the girl. Allworthy is angry with Tom but at the same time pleased that the young man had the backbone to acknowledge his offense. Mr. Square, who never liked Tom, attempts to envenom Allworthy against the youth by saying, “You now plainly see whence all the seeming generosity of this young man to the family of the gamekeeper proceeded. He supported the father in order to corrupt the daughter . . . ." Allworthy worries that what Square says is true.
.......One day, Squire Western takes Sophia on a hunt with him. On the second day of the expedition, she is returning from a chase when she loses control of her horse. It so happens that Tom is riding nearby and, seeing the trouble she is in, rides over to help her. When her horse throws her, Tom catches her but breaks his arm. Sophia is quite shaken by the incident. Mrs. Honour, Sophia's maid, attends her mistress and praises Tom for his gallantry. After a surgeon treats Tom's injury, Western orders the youth to bed in the Western house. 
.......Tom receives many visits while bedridden. Among them are Allworthy and Thwackum. Allworthy gently reminds Tom of his past behavior so that he may learn from it and be a better man in the future. Thwackum tells him that "he ought to look on his broken limb as a judgment from heaven on his sins."
.......Tom, meanwhile, falls in love with Sophia. However, he still feels a responsibility to Molly. One day, he visits her and, during their conversation, discovers Mr. Square hiding in the room. He is wearing a nightcap. Square is embarrassed, of course, but Tom promises to keep his presence there a secret. Molly's sister Betty later tells Tom that another of Molly's visitors, Will Barnes, had been the first to debauch Molly and that her expected child is his, not Tom's. 
.......Now freed of the burden of Molly, Tom begins seeing Sophia. His presence at the Western residence delights the squire, and from time to time he insists that Tom stay there for several days. On several occasions, he sojourns there for a fortnight.

Allworthy Becomes Sick

.......Allworthy becomes ill and, told by the doctor that he is in danger of death, reveals his will. It leaves almost the entirety of his estate to Blifil. It also bequeaths him an additional Ł500 pounds a year after the death of his mother. The will provides Tom a one-time bequest of Ł1,000 and a yearly benefit of Ł500. Square and Thwackum are to receive Ł1,000 each. Servants are to get small bequests. 
.......A footman enters to announce that an attorney from Salisbury has arrived with an urgent message. While Blifil goes out to receive the message, the others leave the room. Mrs. Wilkins, Square, and Thwackum all believe they should have received a larger bequest. When Allworthy's physician arrives to check on the squire's condition, Blifil reports that the attorney, named Dowling, informed him that his mother has died. The doctor wishes to keep the news from Allworthy, but Blifil says he is under strict instructions from the squire never to hide anything from him. However, at the very moment that Blifil makes this statement, Allworthy is making a remarkable recovery. When Blifil informs him of the death of Bridget, the squire says, “The Lord's will be done in everything." Then he appoints Blifil to make the funeral arrangements.
.......Tom celebrates Allworthy's recovery with wine. Blifil objects, saying now is no time for merriment but for mourning for his mother. Tom apologizes and asks to shake Blifil's hand, but Blifil rejects it and insults Tom regarding the circumstances of his birth. A scuffle ensues. Thwackum and the doctor break it up, and the combatants make peace.
.......Tom wanders into nearby fields and meditates “on his dear Sophia," the narrator says. After taking out his knife, he is about to carve a message on a tree when Molly happens upon the scene. After they talk for a while, Tom—now heady with the wine—goes with her into a grove. Blifil and Thwackum are taking a walk when Blifil spies activity in the grove. They investigate. Thwackum castigates Tom and asks him to identify “the slut" with him. Tom blocks their way into the grove, and Thwackum and Blifil attack Tom. Squire Western is out for his afternoon walk. Accompanying him are Sophia, a clergyman, and Mrs. Western (Squire Western's sister and Sophia's aunt).  When they come upon the melee, the squire evens the odds. Tom and Western win the day. 
.......Mrs. Western notices that Sophia is exhibiting signs of being in love and assumes that Blifil is the object of her affection. She reports her finding to her brother. When Western dines with Allworthy, he passes the information on. Allworthy, in turn, talks the matter over with Blifil, who eagerly agrees to a union with Sophia. (He covets the Western wealth.) 
.......When Sophia's aunt later informs the girl of what has taken place, Sophia reveals that she loves Tom, not Blifil. Shocked, the aunt says, “"And is it possible you can think of disgracing your family by allying yourself to a bastard? Can the blood of the Westerns submit to such contamination?" Sophia replies that she has kept secret her love for Tom and would not have revealed it had she known that her aunt would disapprove of it. The aunt rants on about the horror of a match between a Western and so lowly a fellow as Tom. Crying, Sophia begs her aunt not to reveal her secret, for she does not wish to to offend her father. The aunt agrees on one condition: that she begin seeing Mr. Blifil and regard him as the person she will marry. 
.......After entertaining Blifil in the Western home that afternoon, Sophia decides to tell her father how she really feels about Blifil. But he is now fixed on a match between her and Blifil. Tom happens to be in the house that day. When he talks with Sophia, they pledge undying love for each other. 
.......Meanwhile, the aunt tells Western the whole story about Sophia and Tom. Western, in turn, tells Allworthy. Allworthy then apprises Blifil of the situation and asks whether he still wishes to marry Sophia. Blifil is not willing to give up his prize. He wants her money, and he wants to nettle Tom. He then tells Allworthy about Tom's behavior in the grove with Molly. Allworthy summons Tom, gives him a wallet containing Ł500, and orders him out of the house. His clothes and personal effects will be sent later to an address of his choosing.

Tom Takes to the Road

.......After walking off, Tom stops by a creek to think and decides not to try to win back Sophia. To do so would only cause her trouble. After he moves on, he stops at a house and writes a letter to Sophia. It says, in part,  “O Sophia! it is hard to leave you; it is harder still to desire you to forget me; yet the sincerest love obliges me to both."  .......Searching his pockets for wax to seal the envelope, he discovers that the wallet with Ł500 is missing. When he returns to the creek to look for it, he comes upon Black George, who helps him search. What Tom does not know is that Black George has already found the wallet and pocketed it. 
.......Tom then asks Black George to deliver his letter, and the latter agrees to do so while Tom goes to an alehouse along the road to await George's return. When George takes it to Sophia, she gives him her own letter to take to Tom. It says, in part, “Believe this, that nothing but the last violence shall ever give my hand or heart where you would be sorry to see them bestowed."
.......She also gives George money for Tom. This time, Black George does not steal the money for fear that Tom would find out about the theft in the future.. 
.......Tom heads for Bristol, intending to go to sea, but ends up joining foot soldiers marching to meet the Duke of Cumberland to fight Roman Catholic rebels. He says he will serve as a volunteer in the cause, without enlisting. 
.......Sophia also leaves her home, accompanied by her maid, Mrs. Honour, after learning that a date has been set for her marriage to Blifil. 
.......The soldiers halt their march in the evening to have supper at an inn. After the meal, they take turns making toasts. When Tom's turn comes, he raises his glass to Sophia, mentioning her last name at the request of a lieutenant. Ensign Northerton, who was bested by Tom in a round of repartee, sees an opportunity to get back at Tom and says he has heard of her and claims she “was lain with by half the young fellows at Bath." Tom then calls him “one of the most impudent rascals on earth." Ensign Northerton smashes a bottle against Tom's head, opening a wound and knocking him out. The lieutenant orders Northerton arrest. Tom is taken to bed and a surgeon is called in to treat his wound. 
.......Tom later buys a sword from a sergeant to defend his honor. When he goes to Northerton room late at night, a sentinel shoots at him, thinking him a ghost, and falls on his face in fright. Jones walks by him and enters Northerton room, but the latter is nowhere to be found. Jones returns to his room. Other soldiers, roused by the sound of the shot, help the terrified sentinel to his feet. Later, they discover that the ensign—perhaps fearing disciplinary action or perhaps worried that Jones would die and that he would be held to account—has escaped.
.......After a long sleep, Jones awakens feeling refreshed. He asks the landlady to prepare food for him and sends for a barber. Called Little Benjamin, the barber has a knack for making interesting and humorous talk, and he and Tom enjoy several conversations—one over a bottle of wine. The next morning, the barber reveals himself as Mr. Partridge, the man who bore the blame for getting Jenny Jones pregnant. (After leaving the country when Tom was still a child, Partridge worked for lawyers in Salisbury and Lymington, then later became involved in a lawsuit for allowing a pig he kept to run roughshod over a neighbor's garden, spent time in jail, taught school at Cork in Ireland, and later returned to England and took a job as a barber at his present location). He assures Tom, however, that he is not Tom's father. They get along well, and Partridge says he would like to tag along with Tom. He hopes he can persuade Tom to return with him to Squire Allworthy's so that he can restore his reputation and get back in the squire's good graces.
.......The next day, they travel to Gloucester without incident and stop at the Bell, operated by Mr. And Mrs. Whitefield. It is a pleasant inn, and Mrs. Whitefield invites Tom to dinner. Other guests include Mr. Dowling, the Salisbury lawyer who delivered the news of Bridget Billfold's death, and another lawyer, who is a cheat and a troublemaker. After Tom finishes his meal and leaves the table, the the second lawyer tells lies about Tom to Dowling and Mrs. Whitefield. Afterward, Dowling leaves for Hereford, saying he has urgent business there. The other lawyer also leaves. When Mrs. Whitefield next sees Jones, the lies told by the second lawyer cause her to treat him so coldly that he decides to leave after paying his bill. 

Tom Rescues an Old Man

.......The cold soon gets the better of Jones and Partridge, and they stop at a house and beg admittance to warm themselves. Its occupant, a woman, refuses them entry at such a later hour. Tom promises her half a crown if she opens the door, and she accepts the enticement but says they may stay only a short while. When they are leaving, they hear shouting. Two men are attempting to rob an old man, and they throw him down. Jones grabs an old broadsword hanging on the wall and charges the villains. They run off. The old man, who is the master of the house, heartily thanks Tom, as does the woman, the old man's servant. Called the Man of the Hill, the elderly gent then tells Tom the story of himself—of how he came under the influence of an unsavory person named Watson at college, fell into gambling, reformed, went to war with Watson, and suffered betrayal by Watson when the latter delivered him into the hands of the enemy. He escaped and came to the house he now occupies, wise in the ways of men.
.......When Jones goes for a walk with the Man of the Hill, they hear the screams of a woman. Jones goes into the woods to investigate and sees a half naked woman under the assault of a man. Jones knocks the man to the ground with an oak rod and continues to thrash him until even the woman tells him to stop. The villain is Ensign Northerton, who runs off. After Jones takes the lady to an inn at Upton, he sends her immediately to one of the rooms. The landlady and the landlord—offended by the appearance of a half-clad woman in their fine establishment—attack Jones with weapons. Tom, carrying a cudgel of his own, fights back. An Amazonian chambermaid named Susan joins the fray, as does Partridge. 
.......A woman and her maid enter the inn, followed by a sergeant and several musketeers. When the lady Tom rescued comes back downstairs, she is using a pillowcase to cover her bosom. The sergeant recognizes her as the wife of a certain Captain Waters, addressing her as “her ladyship." The landlady now apologizes for her behavior, as does the landlord, and gives Mrs. Waters a gown. Peace is restored to the inn. 
.......When Partridge identifies Tom as “the heir of Squire Allworthy," the landlady thinks Tom quite a gentleman. Mrs. Waters by this time has become enthralled with handsome Tom, and she takes keen notice when he casts an eye in the direction of the woman who arrived in a coach.
.......Mrs. Waters had lived with Captain Waters for many years as his wife, although they were never actually married. Northerton is in the same regiment as Captain Waters, and Mrs. Waters had developed a fondness for the ensign that sullied her reputation. One day, they decided to abscond to Wales. After they left, Northerton turned against her, taking her diamond ring and money and assaulting her. It was at this time that Tom came to her rescue. 
.......An Irishman named Fitzpatrick enters the inn in search of his wife, Harriet, who is the niece of Squire Western and cousin of Sophia. She had run away to marry Fitzpatrick five years before. What she did not know was that Fitzpatrick was marrying her for her money. After they became husband and wife, he began abusing her. Eventually, she escaped from his clutches and now she is hiding at the inn. 
.......When Fitzpatrick discovers that a woman (Mrs. Waters) is in Tom's room, he goes there thinking that she is his wife. Seeing a woman's clothing strewn here and there in the room, he starts a fight with Tom. Another Irishman at the inn, Mr. Machlachlan, intervenes. A friend of Fitzpatrick, he informs him that he is in the wrong room. When Fitzpatrick sees Mrs. Waters he apologizes to her but not to Tom. 
.......By and by, a young woman of beauty and refinement, Sophia, enters the inn with her maid, Mrs. Honour. When Mrs. Honour questions the landlady about her establishment, the latter notes that people of quality stay there, such as young Mr. Allworthy, referring to Tom. Partridge corrects her, saying that the young man is indeed from Squire Allworthy's but goes by the name of Tom Jones. After Mrs. Honour informs her mistress of the situation, Sophia learns that another woman is with Tom. What is more, the chambermaid, Susan, tells Sophia that Jones had cast Sophia in a bad light. "He told us, madam, though to be sure it is all a lie, that your ladyship was dying for love of the young squire," Susan says, "and that he was going to the wars to get rid of you." Sophia then tells Mrs. Honour, "I am now convinced he is not only a villain, but a low despicable wretch." 
.......Sophia decides not to stay at the inn. A post boy prepares horses for her and Mrs. Honour. Before quitting the inn, Sophia leaves behind her muff and a piece of paper on which she has written her name with a pencil. At the same time, Harriet Fitzpatrick and her maid sneak out and ride away on horses. 

Squire Western Arrives

.......Squire Western and several of his men arrive at the inn to search for Sophia. Fitzpatrick continues to seek his wife. Western has never before met Fitzpatrick. When he sees Tom, he grabs him believing Sophia is probably not far away. With the squire is Parson Supple, the curate of Allworthy's parish, who points out that Tom has Sophia's muff. Fitzpatrick, seeing future gain for himself with the squire, says he earlier saw Tom in bed with Sophia. Fitzpatrick escorts the squire, followed by others, to the same room Fitzpatrick previously entered and finds Mrs. Waters. She screams at the sight of the raging squire. The squire then searches the rest of the house but of course does not find Sophia. Fitzpatrick tells him that stealing a muff is a felony, and a magistrate staying at the inn is pressed into service to hear the case. After Partridge testifies on behalf of Tom, Susan informs the magistrate that she herself carried the muff to Tom's room at the request of Sophia. The magistrate dismisses the case. Western curses everyone and leaves to pursue his daughter. However, not long after he is on the road again, he hears a pack of hunting dogs pursuing a quarry. So much does he love the thrill of the chase that he rides into a corn field, in the direction of the barking, and joins the hunt. The narrator says, "The squire who owned the hounds was highly pleased with the arrival of his brother squire and sportsman." That evening, Western dines and drinks with the other squire. In the morning, unsure of which way to go to pursue his daughter, he decides to return home to Somersetshire but dispatches some of his men to continue the pursuit of Sophia.
.......Meanwhile, Jones abandons his plan to fight with the foot soldiers and instead pursues Sophia. Fitzpatrick and Machlachlan take a coach to Bath, and Mrs. Waters decides to go with them. 
.......On her way to London with Mrs. Honour, Sophia runs into Harriet Fitzpatrick, her cousin, and Harriet's maid. They all stop at the same inn. There, Harriet tells the story of how she met and married Fitzpatrick, a handsome man, unaware that he was after her money. They moved to Ireland. When Harriet found out about her husband's true intentions toward her, the marriage went sour and her husband began to berate her. She later bore him a child. Meanwhile, he had an affair while spending beyond his means. When Harriet confronted him about his behavior, he confined her under lock and key. But she escaped. 
.......After leaving the inn, Sophia and Harriet, along with their maids, move on to London in the coach of a friend of Harriet, an Irish nobleman who, by coincidence, had put up at the same inn. This gentleman had an estate that neighbored the residence of the Fitzpatricks and, after becoming aware of Mr. Fitzpatrick's abuse of his wife, had helped her escape. 
.......In London, Sophia stays with her cousin, Lady Bellaston; Harriet Fitzpatrick goes to the residence of the Irish lord. On the road, Tom and Partridge meet a man in rags who begs for alms. Partridge rebukes him, saying, “Every parish ought to keep their own poor." But Jones says, “Can any man who is really a Christian abstain from relieving one of his brethren in such a miserable condition?" He then gives the man a shilling. The man then offers to sell a little book that he found. He shows it to Tom. When Jones opens it, he sees Sophia's name written in it. A piece of paper falls from the pages, a bank note for Ł100. Tom rewards the man, and he and Partridge move on. Late in the day, Tom and Partridge stop an an ale house where a puppet show is to be staged. It is now dark and Partridge says they might as well stay at the inn and see the puppet show. So they remain there and see the performance.
.......During their overnight stay, a puppeteer tells Tom that he saw a woman fitting Sophia's description pass by the day before. 
.......At about eight the following morning, Tom and Partridge set out once again. The puppeteer shows Tom the place where he saw the young woman. After Tom rewards him, they follow the road that leads from that place. 

Storm Interrupts Journey

.......They later stop at an inn after a storm interrupts their journey. Inside, they meet a lad who acted as a guide for Sophia on her journey, and the boy agrees to take them to the inn where Sophia stopped. Tom rents horses and off they go, the three of them. At three in the morning they halt their journey at another inn to pick up new horses. But not a single horse is available. Lawyer Dowling happens to be staying at the inn, and he encourages Tom to stay the night and get a fresh start in the morning. Tom, however, wishes to continue on. While the horses eat corn, he and Dowling sit down to a bottle of wine. When the lawyer toasts Allworthy and Blifil, Tom apprises him of the malicious nature of Blifil, of which Dowling had no knowledge. 
.......“[H]e hath the cunning of the devil himself, and you may live with him many years, without discovering him," Jones says. 
.......Dowling says it is unfortunate that such a person is to inherit Allworthy's estate. The lawyer wants to know more about Tom, so the latter tells him his history. Afterward, Tom and Partridge continue their journey. During a storm, they take shelter in a barn, where gypsies are celebrating a wedding. 
.......After resuming their journey, they press on to Coventry, then Daventry, then Stratford, then Dunstable. During their travels, they learn that Sophia is traveling in the coach of the Irish lord. 
.......When Jones and Partridge are nearing London, a man approaches on a horse and, because it is late at night, asks to ride with them into London. They welcome him. When they are about a mile from Highgate, the man pulls a pistol and attempts to rob Tom. The man is holding the pistol so close to Tom that the latter wrests it from him in a struggle that causes the would-be robber to fall on his back. The man then begs for mercy, saying he has a wife and five hungry children he must care for. The pistol, he says, is not loaded. Jones checks it, discovers that it is indeed empty, takes pity on the fellow, and gives him a few guineas. 
.......After arriving in London, Jones hopes to discover, somehow, the residence of the Irish nobleman who accompanied Sophia and Mrs. Fitzpatrick to London. But on the first day in the city he has no luck, and he and Partridge put up at the Bull and Gate inn for the night. The next day, he finds the nobleman's house and bribes the porter to allow him to present himself at the door. Sophia had been there ten minutes before, but left. The Irish nobleman is also away. When Mrs. Fitzpatrick's maid greets Tom, she tells him Sophia has left the house for an unknown destination. Mrs. Fitzpatrick herself appears and gives him the same answer. Thinking Tom is one of Squire Western's pursuers, she refuses him permission to wait for her to return.
.......Jones thinks he has been lied to; he believes Sophia is in the house but is upset with him for what happened at the Upton Inn. So he stands vigil in front of the house hoping that she will relent and see him. 
.......In the evening, Mrs. Fitzpatrick invites him in. After talking awhile with Tom, she mistakes him for Blifil and refuses to provide information about Sophia's whereabouts. After Tom leaves, her maid, Betty, tells Mrs. Fitzpatrick that their visitor was “too pretty a man . . . for any woman in the world to run away from." Therefore, the maid says, he must have been Tom Jones. Meanwhile, the nobleman returns.

Mrs. Fitzpatrick Goes to Lady's Bellaston's

.......As the reader will remember, Mrs. Fitzpatrick ran away from the Westerns to get married, thereby estranging herself from them. She now sees an opportunity to reconcile with them by keeping Jones and Sophia apart. In the morning, she goes to Lady Bellaston's to begin executing her plan. Because Lady Bellaston had often “ridiculed romantic love," Mrs. Fitzpatrick thinks she would most likely help her with her plan. 
.......After Mrs. Fitzpatrick recounts for Lady Bellaston the story of Tom and Sophia and notes that Tom had visited her at the Irish nobleman's house, Lady Bellaston reveals that her servant, Mrs. Etoff, told her all about this handsome young man the previous day. (Mrs. Etoff had received her information from Sophia's maid, Mrs. Honour.) Lady Bellaston wishes to meet Tom. She gets the opportunity later in the day after Mrs. Fitzpatrick returns home and admits Tom, who has been keeping vigil outside the house. Shortly after he enters, Lady Bellaston arrives. The ladies devote their attention to Tom until the Irish lord enters the room. He then becomes the center of attention and Tom, whom the great lord ignores, becomes a mere observer. Before he leaves, Tom informs Mrs. Fitzpatrick of where he is staying. 
.......The next day, Tom calls on Mrs. Fitzpatrick again but is refused admittance under orders from his lordship, who, the narrator says, may think it improper for a young man to be visiting her. 
.......Tom and Partridge are lodging on Bond Street at the inn of a clergyman's widow, Mrs. Miller, who has two daughters, Nancy, seventeen, and Betty, ten. It is a house that Squire Allworthy had purchased and now maintains as his lodging place whenever sojourns in London. 
.......In the evening, Tom hears a ruckus downstairs and discovers a footman choking a young man against the wall. The assailant is the footman of the young man, called Nightingale. Tom pulls Nightingale loose. A fierce fight ensues, but Tom overcomes his foe. Nervously watching everything is Nancy. After Nightingale heartily thanks Tom, Nightingale fires the footman and pays him his wages. 
.......Nightingale invites Tom to sit down with him to a bottle of wine. Nancy, whose mother and sister are at a stage play, joins them. Nightingale explains that the footman had spilled porter on the open pages of a book. When he reprimanded the footman, the latter rebuked him with insulting language. Nightingale then struck him, and the footman was upon him. 
.......After Nancy's mother returns with Betty, they all have an enjoyable conversation. 
.......Tom receives a domino and an invitation to a masquerade ball signed by “the queen of fairies." Intrigued, he attends, along with Nightingale, hoping that Sophia will also be there. While talking with a woman dressed as a shepherdess, a woman dressed as a domino taps him on the shoulder and says, "If you talk any longer with that trollop, I will acquaint Miss Western." Jones follows her, begging her to provide information about Sophia. He follows her all the way to her home in Hanover Square. When she unmasks herself, it is Lady Bellaston who stands before Tom. She promises to arrange for him to meet with Sophia if he agrees to "take his leave of her" thereafter. He talks with her many hours. When he returns to Mrs. Miller's, he has not only her promise to disclose the whereabouts of Sophia but also a bank note for Ł50 that she gave him.
.......The next day, Mrs. Miller tells him about a cousin whose whose family is severely impoverished. Tom generously gives her several guineas for them. 

Jones, Bellaston Meet Again 

.......Tom and Lady Bellaston meet several more times at a secret trysting place, but she continues to withhold information about Sophia. Tom knows what she wants, sexual intimacy. But when he obliges her, she remains mum on the subject of Sophia.
.......Before going out to meet her again, this time at her own home when Sophia is to be attending a play, Mrs. Miller introduces him to the poor cousin who received Tom's money. His name is Anderson, and he is the same man who tried to rob Tom on the road. But Tom addresses him as an "honored acquaintance." Anderson heaps praise on Tom for coming to his rescue, saying his children now have a bed to sleep on and bread to eat. 
.......Tom then goes out to see Lady Bellaston. After he arrives and waits inside, Sophia comes through the door. She had left the play before the end of the performance. At first, she has harsh words for Tom concerning what he said about her at the Upton inn, but Tom points out that it was Partridge who talked about her. Susan, the maid, had wrongly identified the speaker. So they reconcile. When Lady Bellaston comes in, she does not reveal that she knows Tom. Sophia says Tom came to see her simply to return her book and money. He leaves.
.......In the ensuing days, Lady Bellaston visits Tom at his lodgings. While they are talking, Tom receives a surprise visit from Mrs. Honour, who bears a letter for him from Sophia. Before she enters his room, Lady Bellaston hides behind a curtain behind the bed. After Mrs. Honour enters, she gives Tom the letter from Sophia, which asks him to refrain from visiting her at Lady Bellaston's house. Mrs. Honour speaks of how Tom has "bewitched" Sophia and then demeans Lady Bellaston, saying the servants in her house "make no scruple of saying as how her ladyship meets men" at a house she rents. After Mrs. Honour leaves, Lady Bellaston emerges in a rage. "You see," she says, "what I have sacrificed to you; my reputation, my honour—gone for ever! And what return have I found? Neglected, slighted for a country girl, for an idiot."
.......The next morning, Mrs. Miller tells Tom of her concern that entertaining women in his room will give her residence a reputation "as a house of ill-fame." Tom responds, "I shall, as soon as I am able, look for another lodging."
.......Meanwhile, Nancy becomes pregnant with Nightingale's child. Her pregnancy puts him in a predicament, he says, because his father had ordered him to woo a wealthy young lady named Miss Harris, who is ugly. To overcome this problem, Jones and Nightingale tell Nightingale's father that his son is already married. This ploy works until Nightingale's uncle discovers that the young man and Nancy are not married. The uncle then takes Nightingale home with him, there to lodge.

Bellaston Seeks Revenge

.......Lady Bellaston—now full of loathing for both Sophia and Tom—devises a scheme of revenge that involves manipulating a young nobleman, Lord Fellamar. He had escorted Sophia back to Lady Bellaston's on the night she was returning from the play, and he became enraptured by her beauty and charm, calling her a “blazing star." When he tells Lady Bellaston that he wishes to marry Sophia, Lady Bellaston further whets his appetite by saying that Sophia has an income of Ł3,000 a year. But he must act quickly to win Sophia, she tells him, for the young lady is expected to run away with another man, Tom Jones, whom she describes as "a beggar, a bastard, a foundling, a fellow in meaner circumstances than one of your lordship's footmen." What Fellamar must do, she says, is come to her home the next evening at seven o'clock. Sophia will be in her room, but Lady Bellaston will be out. He then must go to Sophia's room and rape her.
.......“All women love a man of spirit," she says. 
.......Fellamar at first balks at this plan, but Lady Bellaston persuades him that he would be doing Sophia a favor, for he would make her a good husband.
.......After Fellamar arrives at Lady Bellaston's the next evening, he goes to Sophia's room while she is reading a tragedy, Fatal Marriage, and begs her to accept him, telling her, “I cannot lose you . . . You are, you must, you shall be only mine." Sophia answers, “I am resolved to go from you this moment; nor will I ever see you more." When he grabs her, Squire Western's voice booms through the house and, in a moment, he is in the room with his parson. (Mrs. Fitzpatrick had previously written to the Westerns to report the whereabouts of Sophia. Doing so was part of her previously mentioned plan to redeem herself in Western's eyes for eloping with Mr. Fitzpatrick.) 
.......The squire scolds Sophia and orders her to marry “one of the great matches in England." He means Blifil, but Fellamar thinks the squire is referring to him. Fellamar says he is pleased that the squire finds him acceptable. Western says, “Who the devil are you?" Then he roars profanities at Fellamar and threatens to thrash him. Fellamar leaves. Lady Bellaston then tells the squire that he has just insulted a nobleman of high rank and fortune who wants to marry Sophia. Western says he wants his daughter to marry a country gentleman. He then leaves with Sophia and keeps her in his quarters at the Hercules Pillars inn at Piccadilly Circus, a busy London intersection.
.......Meanwhile, Nightingale leaves his uncle's home and marries Nancy. The story then moves along at a fast pace with the following developments:

• Lady Bellaston sends three letters to Tom to request that he meet with her at her residence.
• Tom learns from Nightingale that Lady Bellaston has an unsavory reputation for her dalliances with other men. Nightingale says the best way to get rid of her is to propose marriage to her. Tom is wary of this idea, but he writes a letter asking for her hand.
• Mrs. Miller receives word that Squire Allworthy and Blifil are coming to London. They will lodge in her house. To avoid crowding and to keep his promise to Mrs. Miller, Tom moves to a new address, as do Mr. and Mrs. Nightingale. 
• Arabella Hunt, a widow of a turkey merchant and a good friend of Mrs. Miller, has taken notice of Tom at his lodgings, and she writes a letter proposing that they marry. She is attractive, though tending toward stoutness, and possesses considerable wealth. Tom rejects the proposal, of course, an action that will later stand in his favor with Sophia.
• Squire Western locks Sophia in a room at his lodgings in Piccadilly Circus. Among the servants now working for Western is Black George, who accompanied him to London. 
• Mrs. Western, the squire's sister, arrives in London, argues with the squire about his treatment of Sophia, and moves her to her place of lodging. Black George acts as a go-between for Sophia and Tom, delivering letters from Tom to Sophia and Sophia to Tom. Sophia informs Tom that she is now staying with her aunt.
• Squire Allworthy and Blifil arrive in London. 
• Lady Bellaston hatches another plot, this time getting Fellamar to arrange for Jones to be captured by a press gang for service aboard a ship. 
• Lady Bellaston calls upon Mrs. Western to tell her about Lord Fellamar's fondness for Sophia. She also gives her the letter in which Tom proposed marriage to Lady Bellaston. Mrs. Western later shows it to Sophia. Mrs. Western now supports a match between Sophia and Fellamar. 
• Mrs. Fitzpatrick, who had been hoping to be reconciled with the Westerns, is treated coldly by both the squire and Mrs. Western. She abandons her plan of reconciling with them. 
• Jones attends a production of Hamlet with Mrs. Miller, her daughter Betty, and Partridge. In the audience is Mrs. Fitzpatrick. After the play, she asks Jones to see her at her residence. 
• Jones meets with Mrs. Fitzpatrick. She suggests that he make false advances toward Mrs. Western in order to gain access to Sophia. Jones rejects her plan.
• Mr. Fitzpatrick finally learns the whereabouts of his wife and goes to her residence just when Tom is coming out. When Fitzpatrick draws a sword against Tom, Tom draws his own weapon and they duel. Though Tom lacks fencing knowledge, he makes up for his ignorance with spirit and plunges his sword into Fitzpatrick, who says, “I am a dead man."
• The press gang hired by Fellamar captures Jones, who tells them to be sure to see to the care of the wounded Fitzpatrick. The officer in command of the gang now says it is his duty to abandon plans for impressing Jones and instead take him before a constable. 
• Fitzpatrick receives treatment from a surgeon at a tavern. A messenger reports back to the constable that Fitzpatrick will likely die. 
• The constable orders Jones to appear before a justice. The justice imprisons Tom. 
• When Allworthy and Blifil arrive at Mrs. Miller's, Blifil speaks ill of Tom in front of Mrs. Miller. She then strongly defends Tom as a generous and kindly man who has done great service to her family. Blifil then reports that Tom killed a man (Fitzpatrick), but Mrs. Miller says the victim must have been at fault in the incident.
• Squire Western arrives and tells Allworthy he wants to bind Sophia to a marriage with Blifil, but Allworthy says Sophia should not be forced to marry anyone.
• Mrs. Honour now works for Lady Bellaston and becomes a source of information about Sophia, information that she passes along to Mrs. Western's maid, who in turn passes it along to Mrs. Western. 
• Mrs. Western uses this information to try to manipulate Sophia and ultimately get her to agree to a marriage between herself and Fellamar, but Sophia says she will have nothing to do with the man, noting he had tried to rape her. 
• Mrs. Miller and Nightingale visit Tom to cheer him up. Tom learns that the only witnesses to the duel were aboard a ship. The crewmen say Tom was the first to wield his sword. Thus, his situation appears dire. 
• Mrs. Waters visits Tom to report that Fitzpatrick did not die after all and is now recuperating from his wound. 
• Partridge, erroneously believing Mrs. Waters is Tom's real mother, tells him that he slept with the woman who gave birth to him. 
• Nightingale and Mrs. Miller tell Squire Allworthy what a commendable young man Tom is. 
• On a visit to Nightingale's father, Squire Allworthy learns that Black George had given Old Nightingale Ł500 in bank notes to invest for him. Upon examining the bank notes, Allworthy discovers that they are the same ones he gave Tom. Black George later runs away and is never again heard from.
• On his deathbed, Mr. Square sends a letter to Allworthy saying that he deliberately maligned Tom in the past and that Tom is, in fact, a noble and upright person. Thwackum also sends Allworthy a letter, but it criticizes Tom. It also asks Allworthy to make Thwackum the vicar of Aldergrove after the current vicar dies. 
• Mrs. Waters tells Allworthy that Partridge did not father Jones; it was a man named Summer, the son of a clergyman friend of the Squire who was visiting Allworthy with his son. As to the mother? It was Bridget, Allworthy's sister. She had conspired with the mother of Jenny Jones (now Mrs. Waters) to have Jenny pose as the mother. 
• Mrs. Waters tells Allworthy that a lawyer called on her, thinking she was Mrs. Fitzpatrick, asking whether she wanted to bring a case against Jones. The lawyer himself comes in—Dowling—and discloses that it was Blifil who asked him to pursue a case against Tom Jones. In fact, Dowling and Blifil have been in cahoots for some time. 
• He also says he gave Blifil a letter from his mother, Bridget, after she died. It was for Allworthy, but Blifil never passed it on. It reveals that Tom was Bridget's son. 
• Mrs. Miller informs Sophia of why Tom proposed marriage to Lady Bellaston. Sophia still has reservations about Tom because of his unbecoming behavior with other women. However, Mrs. Miller points out that he refused a marriage proposal from Mrs. Arabella Hunt, the turkey merchant's wealthy widow. Further speaking up for Tom, Mrs. Miller makes it clear that his central motivation in all of his activities after arriving in London was his love for Sophia. 
• Tom gains his freedom after Fitzpatrick exonerates him from blame in the duel. Lord Fellamar, believing that he had wronged Tom, helps to gain his release.

.......Tom reconciles with Squire Allworthy. When he at long last faces Sophia alone in a room, she remains reluctant to marry a young man who so frequently strayed across moral boundaries with other women. However, after he pleads with her, she says she will give him about a year to prove himself. Squire Western, who is eavesdropping on their conversation, breaks in and says they ought to marry the next day. Sophia bows to the will of her father, and so the two lovers marry. They celebrate at a reception held jointly for them and for Nightingale and Nancy. Blifil is no longer welcome in the presence of Allworthy. However, Tom—generous as always—persuades the squire to provide Blifil an annual income of Ł200. Sophia supports this move. Blifil moves to a locale about two hundred miles north of London. There, he plans to buy a seat in the next parliament. He also becomes a Methodist in order to make himself appealing to a wealthy Methodist widow with an estate near his new residence. 
.......Square dies. Thwackum no longer enjoys the favor of Squire Allworthy. He flatters both Allworthy and Tom to regain his former standing—to no avail. Squire Western moves to a home in another part of the country, where there is good hunting, and leaves most of his property to Tom and Sophia. Within a few years, Sophia bears two children, a boy and a girl, and Squire Western dotes on them during his visits to the Jones home. 
.......Allworthy hires a man named Abraham Adams to tutor the children of Tom and Sophia. Mrs. Fitzpatrick remains separated from Mr. Fitzpatrick. Nightingale and Nancy, along with Mrs. Miller and Betty, live at an estate near the Jones residence. 
.......Mrs. Waters is now married to Parson Supple and receives an annual income of Ł60 from Allworthy. Partridge receives Ł50 a year from Jones and establishes another school. It appears that he is likely to marry Molly Seagrim. 
.

.......The main conflict is Tom Jones vs the forces he must overcome to reunite with Sophia and become a responsible young adult. These forces include the people attempting to match Sophia with Blifil or Fellamar. They also include the forces inside Tom himself—such as his reckless and lustful behavior—that he must master to win Sophia and become an upstanding young man. 

Forehsadowings

......."Like father, like son," an old saying proclaims. The narrator notes that Captain Blifil married Bridget for the Allworthy money. This observation foreshadows young Blifil's preoccupation with inheriting the Allworthy estate.
.......Also, the birth of Blifil after eight months of marriage hints at the promiscuous nature of Bridget, preparing the reader for the eventual revelation that she bore Tom out of wedlock.

Climax

.......A series of important developments occurs in chapters 17 and 18 that testify to Tom's parentage and character and reconcile him with Squire Allworthy. Taken together, these developments resemble a climax. However, the true climax appears to occur in Chapter 12 of Book 18 when Tom and Sophia are left alone in a room to confront each another. In this scene, Sophia still has reservations about marrying Tom because of his history of wanton behavior. Tom implores her again and again to accept him, pledging his love for her and vowing to remain ever faithful and morally upright. If she rejects him, all of his efforts on her behalf will be for naught, and the novel will end unhappily. But she says she will accept him on condition that he undergo a trial period of perhaps twelve months to prove his worth. Squire Western, who has been eavesdropping on their conversation, then steps in and says such a long wait is folly. They should marry the next day. Sophia says she will obey her father. Her decision prepares the way for further disclosures and a look at the first few years of Tom and Sophia's marriage, which gives them two children.

Tom Jones as a Mock Epic

.......An epic such as The Iliad or The Aeneid uses a serious tone and a dignified, elevated writing style to describe heroic events. A mock epic borrows the style of such an epic to describe trivial events as if they were heroic. Many passages in Tom Jones are written in the mock-heroic style for comic effect. The following two passages are mock-heroic battles, the first occurring outside a church and the second at the inn at Upton. 

The Church Battle

.......Molly, having endeavoured in vain to make a handsome retreat, faced about; and laying hold of ragged Bess, who advanced in the front of the enemy, she at one blow felled her to the ground. The whole army of the enemy (though near a hundred in number), seeing the fate of their general, gave back many paces, and retired behind a new-dug grave; for the churchyard was the field of battle, where there was to be a funeral that very evening. Molly pursued her victory, and catching up a skull which lay on the side of the grave, discharged it with such
fury, that having hit a taylor on the head, the two skulls sent equally forth a hollow sound at their meeting, and the taylor took presently measure of his length on the ground, where the skulls lay side by side, and it was doubtful which was the more valuable of the two. Molly then taking a thigh-bone in her hand, fell in among the flying ranks, and dealing her blows with great liberality on either side, overthrew the carcass of many a mighty heroe and heroine.
.......Recount, O Muse, the names of those who fell on this fatal day. First, Jemmy Tweedle felt on his hinder head the direful bone. Him the pleasant banks of sweetly-winding Stour had nourished, where he first learnt the vocal art, with which, wandering up and down at wakes and fairs, he cheered the rural nymphs and swains, when upon the green they interweaved the sprightly dance; while he himself stood fiddling and jumping to his own music. How little now avails his fiddle! He thumps the verdant floor with his carcass. Next, old Echepole, the sowgelder, received a blow in his forehead from our Amazonian heroine, and immediately fell to the ground. He was a swinging fat fellow, and fell with almost as much noise as a house. His tobacco-box dropped at the same time from his pocket, which Molly took up as lawful spoils. Then Kate of the Mill tumbled unfortunately over a tombstone, which catching hold of her ungartered stocking inverted the order of nature, and gave her heels the superiority to her head. Betty Pippin, with young Roger her lover, fell both to the ground; where, oh perverse fate! she salutes the earth, and he the sky. Tom Freckle, the smith's son, was the next victim to her rage. He was an ingenious workman, and made excellent pattens; nay, the very patten with which he was knocked down was his own workmanship. Had he been at that time singing psalms in the church, he would have avoided a broken head. Miss Crow, the daughter of a farmer; John Giddish, himself a farmer; Nan Slouch, Esther Codling, Will Spray, Tom Bennet; the three Misses Potter, whose father keeps the sign of the Red Lion; Betty Chambermaid, Jack Ostler, and many others of inferior note, lay rolling among the graves. (Book 4 , Chapter 8)

.......Victory must now have fallen to the side of the travellers (for the bravest troops must yield to numbers) had not Susan the chambermaid come luckily to support her mistress. This Susan was as two-handed a wench (according to the phrase) as any in the country, and would, I believe, have beat the famed Thalestris herself, or any of her subject Amazons; for her form was robust and man-like, and every way made for such encounters. As her hands and arms were formed to give blows with great mischief to an enemy, so was her face as well contrived to receive blows without any great injury to herself, her nose being already flat to her face; her lips were so large, that no swelling could be perceived in them, and moreover they were so hard, that a fist could hardly make any impression on them. Lastly, her cheek-bones stood out, as if nature had intended them for two bastions to defend her eyes in those encounters for which she seemed so well calculated, and to which she was most wonderfully well inclined.
.......This fair creature entering the field of battle, immediately filed to that wing where her mistress maintained so unequal a fight with one of either sex. Here she presently challenged Partridge to single combat. He accepted the challenge, and a most desperate fight began between them.
.......Now the dogs of war being let loose, began to lick their bloody lips; now Victory, with golden wings, hung hovering in the air; now Fortune, taking her scales from her shelf, began to weigh the fates of Tom Jones, his female companion, and Partridge, against the landlord, his wife, and maid; all which hung in exact balance before her; when a good-natured accident put suddenly an end to the bloody fray, with which half of the combatants had already sufficiently feasted. This accident was the arrival of a coach and four; upon which my landlord and landlady immediately desisted from fighting, and at their entreaty obtained the same favour of their antagonists: but Susan was not so kind to Partridge; for that Amazonian fair having overthrown and bestrid her enemy, was now cuffing him lustily with both her hands, without any regard to his request of a cessation of arms, or to those loud exclamations of murder which he roared forth. (Book 9, Chapter 3)

Epic Journey Toward Manhood

.......The central theme of the novel is the amusing epic journey of Tom Jones toward maturation, self-realization, and union with his beloved. Jones begins his journey as a mischievous adolescent, continues it as an adventurous and reckless teenager, and concludes it as a mature and morally upright adult who settles down as a husband and father. 
.......The hero confronts perils and undergoes trials before completing his journey. In this respect, Fielding's hero is like the hero of Homer's Odyssey, the great epic poem recounting the adventures of Odysseus on his way home after the Trojan War. In The Odyssey, for example, the hero, Odysseus, encounters alluring women who steer him away from his ultimate goal, which is to reunite with his beloved Penelope. In Tom Jones, the hero, Tom, likewise meets seductive women, who divert his attention from Sophia. In Homer's work, Odysseus battles monsters, such as the twin terrors Scylla and Charybdis, and becomes a prisoner on Calypso's island; in Fielding's work, Tom also battles monsters, such the twin terrors Thwackum and Square, and becomes a prisoner in a London jail. Ultimately, Odysseus returns home to Penelope and vanquishes the suitors seeking the hand of Penelope. Tom, too, returns home after vanquishing Sophia's suitors and marrying her.
.......There is an important difference, however, between the recounting of Tom's journey and the recounting of the journey of Odysseus: The former is comical and playful; the latter is deadly serious, with an elevated tone. 

Importance of Character vs Family Origin

.......In spite of the faults that Tom exhibits during his adolescent and teenage escapades, he is always trustworthy, and charitable. He is also resourceful and courageous. Nevertheless, Thwackum, Square, and many other adults in his life look down on him because he was born out of wedlock and is thought to be the bastard son of a servant girl. Many of those with a pedigree, on the other hand, lack the integrity of Tom. 

Other Themes

Love: Tom Jones's love for Sophia, thwarted at first by his own behavior and the actions of others, continues to burn within him after Squire Allworthy banishes him. After Tom determines to win her back, his love for her becomes the primary motive in everything he does, even when he becomes the plaything of Lady Bellaston. 
Hypocrisy: Examples: Blifil pretends to be honest, loyal, and fair-minded but is a hateful schemer behind the backs of others. Thwackum and Square pretend to be morally upright. But Thwackum abuses Tom; Square visits the morally loose teenager Molly Seagrim. 
Deceit: Examples: Bridget, the mother of Tom, hires Jenny Jones to pretend to be his mother. Blifil learns after the death of his mother that she was also the mother of Tom Jones. But he pretends to know nothing of the matter while continuing demean his half-brother. 
Coincidence: Many of life's turning points result from coincidences. In Tom Jones, coincidences occur frequently (perhaps too frequently), and often they are indeed turning points. One of the most memorable coincidences in the book occurs when Tom happens to be out riding when Sophia loses control of her horse. When it throws her, he catches her but breaks his arm. The accident leads to his confinement to a bed in the Western home. While recuperating, he falls in love with Sophia. Another important coincidence occurs when Tom happens upon Mrs. Waters as Ensign Northerton assaults her. Mrs. Waters is really Jenny Jones, the woman Bridget Allworthy manipulated into posing as Tom's mother. She gets to know Tom—intimately—and later reveals to Allworthy information about Tom's parentage. Still another major coincidence occurs when Tom's barber, Little Benjamin, turns out to be Partridge, the man falsely accused of fathering Jones. He becomes Tom's traveling companion. Other coincidences involving Jones occur when he runs into a beggar with a book lost by Sophia and when Mrs. Miller introduces him to Mr. Anderson, the impoverished man who tried to rob Jones. There are also many coincidences that do not involve Jones directly, such as Black George's appearance at Old Nightingale's residence when Allworthy is a visitor. 
Lack of Self-Control: Many of the characters act out of the emotion or desire of the moment without regard for the morality or consequences of their action. Tom, Bridget Allworthy, Molly Seagrim, Lady Bellaston, Mr. Fitzpatrick, Ensign Northerton, and Black George are among the characters who lack self-mastery. 
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.......The narrator frequently alludes, or directly refers, to mythology, history, poems, and other sources to draw an image or make a comparison. For example, in describing Partridge's wife, he alludes to the shrewish ways of Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates, saying Mrs. Partridge was "a profest [professed] follower of that noble sect founded by Xantippe [Xanthippe] of old; by means of which she became more formidable in the school than her husband; for, to confess the truth, he was never master there, or anywhere else, in her presence" (Book 2, Chapter 3). 
.......In describing the beauty of Sophia in Chapter 2 of Book IV, the narrator alludes to a 1612 funeral elegy by John Donne entitled the "Progress of the Soul." The poem eulogizes Elizabeth Drury, the daughter of Sir Robert Drury, a patron of Donne. Here is Fielding's description of Sophia's complexion, followed by an excerpt from the Donne poem that supports Fielding's description: 

Her complexion [Sophia's] had rather more of the lily than of the rose; but when exercise or modesty increased her natural colour, no vermilion could equal it. Then one might indeed cry out with the celebrated Dr Donne:

     Her [Elizabeth Drury's] pure and eloquent blood
     Spoke in her cheeks, and so distinctly wrought
     That one might almost say her body thought.

I have often thought that, by the particular description of Cerberus, the porter of hell, in the 6th Aeneid, Virgil might possibly intend to satirize the porters of the great men in his time; the picture, at least, resembles those who have the honour to attend at the doors of our great men. The porter in his lodge answers exactly to Cerberus in his den, and, like him, must be appeased by a sop before access can be gained to his master. (Book 13, Chapter 2)

In the right hand he carried a sword, and in the left a candle. So that the bloody Banquo was not worthy to be compared to him. In fact, I believe a more dreadful apparition was never raised in a church-yard, nor in the imagination of any good people met in a winter evening over a Christmas fire in Somersetshire.

[N]either his patience nor his prudence could bear it any longer; upon which there ensued between them both so warm a bout at altercation, that perhaps the regions of Billingsgate never equalled it.

.......Tom Jones is rich in metaphors, alliterations, and other figures of speech that set the mood, describe a character or his or her actions, narrate an event, and so on. Following are examples of figures of speech in the novel.

Alliteration
Repetition of a Consonant Sound

Moreover, we may remark that at this season love is of a more serious and steady nature than what sometimes shows itself in the younger parts of life. (Book 1 , Chapter 11)
[S]he had scarce strength sufficient to totter into the inn. . . .(Book 11, Chapter 2) 

Example 1

Now the little trembling hare, which the dread of all her numerous enemies, and chiefly of that cunning, cruel, carnivorous animal, man, had confined all the day to her lurking-place, sports wantonly o'er the lawns; now on some hollow tree the owl, shrill chorister of the night, hoots forth notes which might charm the ears of some modern connoisseurs in music; now, in the imagination of the half-drunk clown, as he staggers through the churchyard, or rather charnelyard, to his home, fear paints the bloody hobgoblin; now thieves and ruffians are awake, and honest watchmen fast asleep; in plain English, it was now midnight; and the company at the inn, as well those who have been already mentioned in this history, as some others who arrived in the evening, were all in bed. Only Susan Chambermaid was now stirring, she being obliged to wash the kitchen before she retired to the arms of the fond expecting hostler. (Book 10, Chapter 2)

Example 2

Thus, not all the charms of the incomparable Sophia; not all the dazzling brightness, and languishing softness of her eyes; the harmony of her voice, and of her person; not all her wit, good-humour, greatness of mind, or sweetness of disposition, had been able so absolutely to conquer and enslave the heart of poor Jones, as this little incident of the muff. (Book 5, Chapter 4)

O, Shakespear! had I thy pen! O, Hogarth! had I thy pencil! then would I draw the picture of the poor serving-man. . . . (Book 10, Chapter 8)

Example 1

.......In Chapter 4 of Book 1,Bridget Allworthy characterizes the mother of Tom Jones as an "impudent slut, a wanton hussy, an audacious harlot, a wicked jade, a vile strumpet." Bridget, of course, is Tom's mother, a fact that she is trying to hide.

Example 2

.......Allworthy fights injustice but, ironically, becomes its agent when he finds Partridge guilty of fathering Tom Jones. 

Example 3

.......Thwackum and Square are supposed to be learned men who impart knowledge and wisdom. But when it comes to compassion and love, they are empty vessels.

.......In the following passage, Mrs. Western (who is speaking to Squire Western) is unaware, or refuses to believe, that she is also an oppressive influence.

.......Brother, I am sorry for what hath happened; and that my niece should have behaved herself in a manner so unbecoming her family; but it is all your own doings, and you have nobody to thank but yourself. You know she hath been educated always in a manner directly contrary to my advice, and now you see the consequence. Have I not a thousand times argued with you about giving my niece her own will? But you know I never could prevail upon you; and when I had taken so much pains to eradicate her headstrong opinions, and to rectify your errors in policy, you know she was taken out of my hands; so that I have nothing to answer for. Had I been trusted entirely with the care of her education, no such accident as this had ever befallen you; so that you must comfort yourself by thinking it was all your own doing; and, indeed, what else could be expected from such indulgence? (Book 10, Chapter 8)

Example 1
Comparison of Deborah Wilkins to a kite (a large bird that preys on small mammals, reptiles and insects) and of the people who see her to smaller birds

.......Not otherwise than when a kite, tremendous bird, is beheld by the feathered generation soaring aloft, and hovering over their heads, the amorous dove, and every innocent little bird, spread wide the alarm, and fly trembling to their hiding-places. He proudly beats the air, conscious of his dignity, and meditates intended mischief.
.......So when the approach of Mrs Deborah was proclaimed through the street, all the inhabitants ran trembling into their houses, each matron dreading lest the visit should fall to her lot. (Book 1, Chapter 6)

Example 2
Comparison of Sophia's complexion to attire worn by death and love

[T]he pale livery of death succeeds the red regimentals in which Love had before drest her cheeks. . . . (Book 6, Chapter 9)

Envy, the sister of Satan, and his constant companion, rushed among the crowd, and blew up the fury of the women; who no sooner came up to Molly than they pelted her with dirt and rubbish. (Book 4, Chapter 8)

The poor woman [landlady at the Upton inn] had indeed been loading her heart with foul language for some time, and now it scoured out of her mouth, as filth doth from a mud-cart, when the board which confines it is removed. (Book 10, Chapter 5)

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1...Write an essay that analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Tom Jones (the character, not the book). 
2...Write an essay that compares and contrasts Mrs. Western and Mrs. Miller.
3...Write an essay that compares and contrasts Squire Allworthy and Squire Western?
4...What motivates Black George more, need or greed?
5...In what ways does the novel resemble a classical epic, such as The Odyssey or The Aeneid?.
6.  Who is the least admirable male in the novel? Who is the least admirable female? Explain your answers.

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Miniseries: 300 Minutes

Film Version: 128 Minutes