Cummings Study Guide

.......Tennyson's "Tears, Idle Tears" is a lyric poem centering on bittersweet memories of the past. Edward Moxon published the poem in London in 1847 as part of a longer work, The Princess.

Summary of the Poem

.......As the speaker looks upon cheerful autumn fields, he longs for bygone days. His feelings rise from the seat of emotion, the heart, and "gather to the eyes" (line 3) as tears. He cannot link the tears to a specific memory, for they are idle tears—tears that he cannot explain. Apparently, it is the past in general that moves him, "the days that are no more (lines 5, 10, 15, and 20)."
.......The past can hearten, like morning's first light on the sail of a ship returning our friends from the land of the dead. And it can sadden, like evening's last light on the sail of a ship carrying those friends beyond the horizon. "So sad, so fresh" (line 10) are those days of long ago.
.......How strange and sad it is for a dying man to hear the first chirp of the birds at the dawn of a summer day and watch the sun turn the window into a "glimmering square."
.......The bygone days are as sweet to us as the memories of kisses from loved ones who have died—as as sweet at those we imagined we bestowed on the lips of a person pledged to another. Memories of those days are as deep as first love and full of regret for what we did or did not do. They are death in life, those days that are long gone.

Theme

.......The theme of the poem is the pleasing pain of remembering the past.

Verse Format

.......The predominant verse format of the poem is unrhymed iambic pentameter (blank verse), but several lines do not conform strictly to this pattern. The last two lines of the first stanza demonstrate the metric pattern of most of the lines.

........1...............2...............3................4................5
And THINK..|..ingOF..|..theDAYS..|..that ARE..|..no MORE

....1............2...........3...............4................5...................6
TEARS..|..I dle..|..TEARS..|..IKNOW..|..not WHAT..|..they MEAN

Feet: (1) Single stressed syllable, (2) trochee, (3) single stressed syllable, (4) iamb, (5) iamb, (6) iamb
Meter: Hexameter.

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Example 2

....1..................2....................3................4..................5
TEARS..|..Ii dle..TEARS..|..IKNOW..|..not WHAT..|..they MEAN

Feet: (1) Single stressed syllable, (2) anapest, (3) iamb, (4) iamb, (5) iamb
Meter: Pentameter.

...Fresh as the first beam glittering on a sail,
That brings our friends up from the underworld,
Sad as the last which reddens over one
That sinks with all we love below the verge;
So sad, so fresh, the days that are no more.....................10

...Ah, sad and strange as in dark summer dawns
The earliest pipe of half-awaken'd birds
To dying ears, when unto dying eyes
The casement slowly grows a glimmering square;
So sad, so strange, the days that are no more..................15

...Dear as remembered kisses after death,
And sweet as those by hopeless fancy feign'd
On lips that are for others; deep as love,
Deep as first love, and wild with all regret;
O Death in Life, the days that are no more!........................20

.......Following are examples of figures of speech in the poem. For definitions of figures of speech, see Literary Terms.

Alliteration

The third stanza compares the sadness and strangeness of "the days that are no more" (line 15) to the "earliest pipe of half-awaken'd birds / To dying ears" (lines 11 and 12). The simile reads this way: The days that are no more are sad and strange . . . as the earliest pipe of half-awaken'd birds to dying ears.

The fourth stanza compares "the days that are no more" (line 20) to the dearness of "remembered kisses" (line 16), the sweetness of kisses "by hopeless fancy feigned" (line 17), and the deepness of love (lines 18 and 19). The simile reads this way: The days that are no more are dear as remembered kisses after death . . . and sweet as those by hopeless fancy feign'd . . . deep as love, deep as first love. . . .

• Write a short poem about a memory from childhood.
• Identify additional examples of alliteration besides those mentioned above.
• What is the difference between a lyric poem and a narrative poem?
• Tennyson repeats a group of words in each stanza? What are these words? Why does Tennyson repeat them?

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